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At present, there are several drugs on the market that improve memory, concentration, and planning, and reduce impulsive behavior. Many more are in different stages of development.[7] The most commonly used class of drug is stimulants.[8] These drugs are used primarily to treat people with cognitive or motor function difficulties attributable to such disorders as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and ADHD. However, more widespread use is being recommended by some researchers.[9] These drugs have a variety of human enhancement applications as well, and are marketed heavily on the Internet. Nevertheless, intense marketing may not correlate with efficacy; while scientific studies support some of the claimed benefits, it is worth noting that not all of the claims from certain nootropics suppliers have been formally tested. Academic doping__ Main article: Academic doping In academia a Nootropic called modafinil has been used to increase productivity, although its long-term effects have not been assessed in healthy individuals.[7] Stimulants such as methylphenidate, a cognitive enhancer (which is not considered as a Nootropic according to the criteria above), are being used on college campuses, and by an increasingly younger group.[7] One survey found that 7% of students had used stimulants for a cognitive edge, and on some campuses use in the past year is as high as 25%.[8][10] The use of prescription stimulants is especially prevalent among students attending academically competitive colleges and students who are members of a fraternity/sorority.[10] Surveys suggest that 3-11% of American students and 0.7-4.5% of German students have used cognitive enhancers in their lifetime.[11] |
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