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Serotonin is a neurotransmitter with various effects on mood and possible effects on neurogenesis. Serotonergics are substances that affect the neurotransmitter serotonin or the components of the nervous system that use serotonin. Serotonergic nootropics include serotonin precursors and cofactors, and serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Precursors 5-HTP—precursor (intermediate between tryptophan and serotonin) Tryptophan—essential amino acid precursor; multiple neurotoxic metabolites[60] Cofactors Pyridoxal-phosphate (or PLP, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, P5P, active form of Vitamin B6)—plays role in conversion of 5-HTP into serotonin (via the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase).[61][62] Reuptake inhibitors SSRIs—class of antidepressants that increase active serotonin levels by inhibiting reuptake, also shown to promote Neurogenesis in the hippocampus Sceletium tortuosum—active constituent mesembrine shown to act as an SSRI[63] and PDE4 inhibitor. (Half-life unknown) Hypericum perforatum—inhibits reuptake of serotonin (as well as Norepinephrine, Dopamine, GABA and Glutamate) via activation of TRPC6 MAO-A inhibitors Resveratrol[64] Curcumin[65] Piperine[66] Harmal[67] One of the major constituents of harmal, harmaline, has demonstrated acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Rhodiola rosea[68] 5-HT2A receptor agonists 2C-x—it has been reported that some these compounds causes nootropic, stimulant, or anti-anxiety effects at low doses. 2C-D, 2C-I, and 2C-C are examples. However, at hallucinogenic doses, these chemical compounds may be unpredictable. Research on these chemicals is sparse; they require further investigation. Other Tianeptine—atypical antidepressant with anxiolytic properties; a hypothesized mechanism of action revolves around modulation of NMDA and AMPA receptors, based on tianeptine's effect of promoting stress-associated impaired neuroplasticity;[69][70] it increases the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens[71] and modulates the D2 and D3 dopamine receptors,[72] but this effect is modest and almost certainly indirect.[69] |
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